High-intensity exercise produces hydrogen ions (H+) that lower muscle pH — the "burn" of lactic acid. When muscle pH drops below ~6.8, enzyme function is impaired and muscle contraction weakens. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) acts as an extracellular buffer: it neutralizes H+ ions in the blood, creating a steeper concentration gradient for H+ to leave the muscle cells. This means muscles can produce more acid before reaching the performance-limiting pH threshold. The 2-3% improvement translates to meaningful time savings in competition (e.g., 1-2 seconds in a 400m sprint).
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Not medical advice. Based on published clinical research and systematic reviews.